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ORGANİK KİMYA

Bölüm:1 Giriş 

Bölüm:2 Fonksiyonel Gruplar ve İsimlendirmeler

Bölüm:3 Alkanlar ve Sikloalkanlar

Bölüm:4 Alkenler

Bölüm:5 Aromatik Bileşikler

Bölüm:6 Stereo Kimya

Bölüm:7 Organik Halojen Bileşikleri

Bölüm:8 Alkoller, Fenoller ve Tiyoller

Bölüm:9 Eterler ve Epoksitler

Bölüm:10 Aldehit ve Ketonlar

Organik Kimya Ders notları (.zip)    (1)  (2)

• Structure and properties
  
  • Atomic orbitals
    
  • Pauli exclusion principle
    
  • Molecular orbitals
  • Hybridization
  • Intramolecular and intermolecular forces
  • Bond types
    
  • Bond dissociation, homolysis and heterolysis
  • Polarity
    
  • Intermolecular forces, melting point, boiling point, solubility
    
  • Isomerism
    

Covalent bond and molecular structure
Structure and bonding in organic molecules

• Energy of activation Transition state               
  
  • Mechanism of chlorination, free radicals
  • Chain reactions
  • Inhibitors
  • Reaction rates, energy of activation, transition state

Radical mechanism of chlorination

• Top

Alkene chains

• Alkanes
  • Structure and conformations, free rotation about C-C
  • Higher alkanes, the homologous series
  • Common and IUPAC names for alkanes
  • Grignard reagents
  • Halogenation, mechanism
  • Ease of abstraction of hydrogen atoms
  • Combustion
  • Pyrolysis: cracking
    

Reactions of alkanes

• Stereochemistry I Stereoisomers

•  
  • Optical activity
    
  • Plane polarized light
  • The polarimeter, specific rotation
  • Stereogenic center
    
  • Enantiomerism and tetrahedral carbon
  • The racemic modification
  • Cahn-Ingold-Prelog : R and S notations
    
  • Fischer projections
    
  • Diastereomers
  • More than one chiral center
  • Reactions at a chiral center
    

Stereochemistry  

• Top

• Alkyl Halides
  
  • Nucleophilic substitution reactions
    

Halogenoalkanes

• Nucleophilic substitution reactions
  
  • The S_N1 reaction: the kinetics
  • The S_N2 reaction: the kinetics
  • The S_N2 reaction: the neuclophiles
    
  • The S_N2 reaction: substituents
  • The S_N2 reaction: the leaving group
    
  • The S_N2 reaction: stereochemistry
  • The S_N2 reaction: role of solvents

Animation of  S_N2 reaction (http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/rbanks/organic/sn2.gif)
Nucleophilic substitution (few slides)

• Alkenes. Structure and preperation
  • Structure of C=C, hybridisation, geometric isomerism
    
  • Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides: 1,2- elimination
    
  • The E1 mechanism
  • The E2 mechanism
  • Selectivity
    
  • Dehydration of alcohols
    

Preperation of alkenes
Elimination reactions E2
Elimination reactions E1

• Top

• Alkenes, reactions of C=C, Electrophilic and free radical addition
  
  • Hydrogenation
  • Halogenation
    
  • Addition of hydrogen halides
  • Addition of water
  • Addition of sulphuric acid
  • Reaction with oxidising agents
  • Epoxyethane
    
  • Electrophilic addition: mechanism
  • Halohydrin formation
  • Addition of alkenes, Polymerisations
    
  • Free radical additions
    
  • Hydroxylation, formation of 1,2-diols, ozonolysis
    

Reactions of alkenes in animations
Electrophilic addition to alkenes
Electrophilic addition

• Stereochemistry II. Stereoselective and strereospecific reactions
  
  
  • Stereoselective reactions
    
  • Stereospecific reactions
  • Stereochemistry of addition of halogens to alkenes: syn- and anti- additions
  • Stereochemistry of E2 elimination: syn- and anti- elimination

• Top

• Conjugation and resonance 
  • Bonding in dienes

• Alkynes
  
  • Acetylene , structure of triple bond
    
  • Higher alkynes, nomencleture
    
  • Physical properties, preperation of alkynes
    
  • Reaction of alkynes, Electrophilic addition to alkynes, Hydration of alkynes: tautomerism, Acidity of alkynes
  • Reaction of metal acetylides, synthesis of alkynes

Comparison of ethane, ethene and ethyne (slides)

• Top

• Cyclic Aliphatic Compounds
  • Configurational isomers
    
  • Conformational isomers
    

• Alcohols
  
  • Nomencleture, preperation, physical properties
  • Reactions of alcohols
  • Oxidation of alcohols
    

Reactions of alcohols
Alcohol reactions
Reactions of alcohols a review

•  Top

Crown ethers 

• Ethers, Epoxides and Sulphides
  • Nomencleture
    
  • Ethers
    
  • Synthesis of Ethers
  • Reactions of ethers
  • Epoxides
  • Synthesis of epoxides
    
  • Reactions of epoxides: overview
    
  • Reactions of epoxides under basic conditions
  • Reactions of epoxides under acidic conditions
  • Sulphides
  • Synthesis of sulphides
    
  • Reactions of sulphides
    

Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides
Sulphur and phosphorus compounds

http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/rbanks/organic/benzenealkylationtutorial1_image001.gif

• Aromaticity Benzene
  • Structure and stability of benzene
  • Resonance structure                                                  
    
  • Aromaticity and Hückel's rule
    

Benzene and resonance
Resonance theory
Aromaticity lecture notes
Aromaticity and aromatic compounds

•   Top

• Eletrophilic Aromatic Substitution
  • Aromatic substitution reactions I
  • Aromatic substitution reactions II
    

http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/rbanks/organic/aromaticsub.gif

• Aromatic-Aliphatic Compounds Arenes and their derivatives
  • Reactions of arenes

• Spectroscopy and structure
  • Introduction
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy
  • Visible and Ultraviolet spectroscopy
    
  • Infra Red spectroscopy

•  Top

• Aldehyde and ketones Nucleophilic Addition
  • Nomencleture
  • Synthetic preparation of aldehydes and ketones
  • Structure and bonding - aldehydes and ketones
    
  • Properties of aldehydes and ketones
  • Reactions: Hemiacetal formation, Acetal formation, Imine formation, Enamine formation, Cyanohydrin formation
  • Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Clemmensen Reduction, Oxidation of 
  • Reactions at alpha-C atom, aldol condensation
    

Aldehyde and ketones

• Carboxylic Acids
  • Structure, nomencleture, physical properties, salts of carboxylic acids, acidity
  • Reactions of carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids
Reactions of carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid properties
Carboxylic derivatives

•  Top

• Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
  • Acid chlorides, reactions
    
  • Acid anhydrides
  • Amides
  • Esters

Carboxylic acid derivatives

• Carbanions
  
  • Aldol condensation
    
  • Claisen condensation -preview
    
  • Claisen condensation
    

• Amines  Preperation, physical properties and reactions
  
  • Amines, nomencleture, physical properties, salts of amines
    
  • Preperation
  • Heterocyclic amines
  • Amines reactions
    

Chemistry of amines
Amines: Reactions

• Top
  

• Phenols
  • Structure and nomencleture
  • Salts of phenols
  • Preparation of phenols
    
  • Reactions, acidity of phenols
    
  • Formation of ethers: Williamson synthesis
  • Ester formation: Fries rearrangement, Phenolic acids: Kolbe Schmidt reaction
    
  • Reimer-Tiemann reaction
  • Oxidation to quinones
    

http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/rbanks/organic/phenol.gif



Phenols

• Carbanions Malonic Ester and Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
  • Malonic ester synthesis of carboxylic acids
  • Acetoacetic ester synthesis of ketones
  • Decarboxylation of  b-keto esters and ketones
  • Organoborane synthesis of acids and ketones
    

• Aryl Halids Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
  • Nomencleture
  • Physical properties, structure, reactivity
    
  • Synthesis (few slides)
    
  • Reactions (few slides)
    
  • Benzyne
  • Benzyne structure
  • Benzyne reactions
    
    

• Top

•  a,b-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Conjugate Addition
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • The Michael addition
  • The Diels-Alder reaction
  • Quinones
    

• Top

• Molecular Orbitals, Orbital Symmetry
  • Molecular orbital theory
  • Molecular orbitals, LCAO method
  • Bonding and anitibonding orbitals
  • Aromatic chracter, Hückel's rule
  • Orbital symmetry and chemical reaction
  • Electrocyclic reactions
    
  • Cycloaddition reactions
  • Sigmatropic reactions
    

Molecular orbitals-LCAO (pictorially)
Principal Categories of Organic Pericyclic Reactions
Electrocyclic reactions - theoretical explanations
Examples of electrocycilc reactions
Orbital symmetry in cycloaddition reaction
Examples of sigmatropic reactions
Pericyclic reactions

• Top

• Neighboring Group Effects, Catalysis by Transition Metal complexes
  • Neighboring group participation (few slides)
    
  • Neighboring Group effects, stereochemistry
  • Neighboring Group effects, intramolecular nucleophilc attack
  • Neighboring Group effects, rate of reaction
  • Homogeneous hydrogenation, Transition metal complexes
  • Stereochemistry of homogeneous hydrogenation: diastereoselectivity
  • Stereochemistry of homogeneous hydrogenation: enantioselectivity
  • Enzyme action

Hydrogenation catalysis

• Heterocyclic Compounds
  • Heteroaromatic systems
    
  • Heteroaromatic chemistry - few basic reaction mechanisms
  • Fused rings
    

Heterocyclic compounds 

• Top

• Macromolecules Polymers and polymerization
  • Polymers, Writing formulae for polymers, Properties, Stereosomerism
    
  • Synthesis of Addition Polymers 
  • Copolymerisation
  • Ionic polymerisation, living polymers
  • Coordination polymerization
  • Step and chain polymerization
  • Polymer properties and molecular weight
    

Anionic vinyl polymerization
Cationic vinyl polymerization
Comparison of Free Radical and Ionic Polymerizations
Introduction to ploymer chemistry 

• Top

• Stereochemistry III Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Ligands and Faces
  • Enantiotopic and diastereotopic ligands, faces
    
  • Origin of enantiospecificity
    

Topicity

• Lipids Fats and Steroids

• Lipids
• Occurrence and composition of fats
• Soaps, micelles
• Detergents
• Unsaturated fats
• Phosphoglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steriods

Lipids, fats, oils and waxes
Soaps, detergents and cleaning
Structure of ice-cream

• Top

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates I. Monosaccharides
  • (+)Glucose
  • (-)Fructose
  • Stereoisomerism of (+)-Glucose, Nomencleture
  • Oxidation
  • Osazone formation, Epimers , Kiliani - Fischer synthesis, Ruff degradation
  • Configuration of  (+)-Glucose, the Fischer proof
  • Nomencleture of carbohydrates
    
  • Tartaric acid
  • Cyclic structure of  (+)-Glucose, formation of glucosides
    

Carbohydrates - Sugars and Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates

• Top

• Carbohydrates II. Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • (+)-Maltose
  • (+)-Cellobiose
  • (+)-Lactose
  • (+)-Sucrose
  • Polysaccharides
  • Starch
  • Cyclodextrins
  • Cellulose: structure and reactions
    

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

•  Top

• Proteins and Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Structure of amino acids, isoelectric points, acid base properties
    
  • Configuration of natural amino acids
  • Preperation of amino acids
  • Reactions of amino acids
  • Peptides, synthesis
  • Proteins: Denaturation
  • Conjugated Proteins, Prosthetic groups, Coenymes
    
  • Structure of Proteins, secondary structure
  • Nucleoproteins and nucleic acids
    
  • The genetic code
    

Chemistry of amino acids
Protein Secondary Structure
Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides

•  Top

Classic organic reactions
Carbocation Stabilities and Molecular Rearrangements
Elemental analysis
Mass spectroscopy tutorial
IR spectroscopy tutorial
NMR spectroscopy tutorial
Terpenes
Steroids